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中国的海神到底是谁-龙什么时候成了海神-妈祖临水夫人为何被民间奉为海神? - 全文

来源:名资汇网 caiji007 2023-12-01 07:35:01

就国际性的名气来讲,每当谈及神话传说,大伙儿第一时间想起的几乎全是古希腊神话《伊利亚特》或《奥德赛》,并非中国古代神话的开篇之作《山海经》。

《山海经》中记述了天神帝俊,地神黄帝轩辕氏,创世神女娲娘娘,及其众多远古神明,如果和古希腊神话中的天神宙斯、天后赫拉和战争女神雅典娜等十二主神比,都能够有一定的对应。但唯有海王波塞冬,在《山海经》中好像找不着对应的海神角色。

针对这类状况,许多[文] 西方专家学者觉得是[章]由于中国是一个纯粹[来]的农耕文明,欠缺海[自]神信仰所致。这类观[历]点过去被许多中国人[史]不加明辨的给予接受[大],乃至出現了中国之[全]所以在近现代落伍于[网]西方,便是由于中国[文]是一个纯粹的农耕文[章]明,先天性就比海洋[来]文明弱势所致。

实际上,这类农耕文明VS海洋文明的景象,也不过是生搬硬套18世纪法国思想家孟德斯鸠的那一段著名观点而已,本不值一提。并且,就算从孟德斯鸠的后继者约米尼所出示的剖析构思看来,与其说是华夏文明是一个纯粹的农耕文明,倒不如说是一个半岛文明。

华夏文明因为国土博大而产生的自然条件的多样性,使大家的一些地区具备农耕文明因素的同时,在一些地区却具备海洋文明的因素。因此,实际上华夏文明从古至今便不欠缺海神信仰,当然也是有各种各样与海神信仰相关的神邸。

中国本土神话传说中的海神到底是谁?

实际上早在《山海经》中,就记述了四个海神,分别是东海海神禺虢(guó),南海海神不廷胡余,北海海神禺强,西海海神弇(yǎn)兹(zī)。北方地区海神禺强又叫玄冥,身份是轩辕皇帝之孙,颛顼的大臣,同时還是上古时代的风神和瘟神,人面鱼身,脚踩两个红蛇,耳朵上挂着两个青蛇。

充符在《逍遥游》中[自]记叙的鲲鹏,实际上[历]便是北方地区海神禺[史]强的演化形象,在其[大]中,鲲为海神形象,[全]鹏为风神形象。

东方海神禺猇是黄帝[网]的儿子,北方地区海[文]神禺强的父亲,他的[章]形象是人面鸟身,脚[来]踩两个赤红蛇,耳朵[自]上挂着两个青蛇。

但《山海经》另一处又说,禺猇是儋耳国的君主,姓任,以五谷为主食,从而能够推断,这名北方地区海神在历史上将会确有其人,曾是上古时代一位部落头领。

西方海神弇兹,乃远[历]古十二祖巫之一,被[史]称作中华老祖母,是[大]“风”姓祖先。

南方海神不廷胡余,[全]隶属不祥,但是他与[网]其他三个海神的差别[文]是:他长出人脸人身[章],东、西、北海的海[来]神全是人面鸟身。

因此能够推论南方地[自]区海神应当晚于其他[历]三个海神,由于初期[史]的海神因为受初始图[大]腾崇拜影响,因此其[全]形象多见人和兽拼接[网]而成。伴随着历史的[文]发展趋势,这类人和[章]兽拼接体不见了,民[来]俗对海神的信仰也趋[自]向人格化属性。

据《龙鱼河图》记述,汉朝的大家为海神取了姓名,还为她们搭了姻缘线,加上了夫人。东海君冯青,夫人为朱隐娥;南海君赤视,夫人为翳逸寥;西海君勾丘百,夫人为灵素简;北海君是禹帐,夫人为结连翘。

到佛教传到以后,因为佛书中叙述的“那伽”法力无边,能行云布雨,同在我国的龙的形象类似,因此就直接译成了龙。龙也就替代了中国初始海神,变成海中之首,龙王同初期的海神一样处于海的四方,承担执掌云雨,遭受了普通百姓的崇敬。

而官府以便招安民俗信仰,也开始慢慢开始认可民俗的龙王信仰,在其中有一个标志性事件,便是官方宣布册立四海龙神为龙王。

天宝十年(751年)元月,唐玄宗封四海龙王为王,分别是东海广德王、南海广利王、西海广润王、北海广泽王,四海龙王又与五方中的对应方向颜色和本事紧密结合,因此就拥有我们在《哪吒闹海》中所见到的四海龙王形象。

但是龙王容貌上虽然[历]有龙的特点,但又有[史]世间君王一样的仪态[大],还可彻底幻化成人[全]型。这也说明海神的[网]进一步人格化属性。[文]

但是这类人格化属性的完全进行,也要直到宋朝。

民间封海神

进到宋朝以后,伴随[章]着神文时代的影响慢[来]慢消退,被神格化的[自]目标已不是传说中的[历]神明只是这些敢于与[史]变幻莫测的海洋斗争[大]的实在人物。而在其[全]中更为知名的就是今[网]天信徒遍及全球的妈[文]祖娘娘。

听说妈祖娘娘原是一位叫做林氏的普通女士,据宋代廖鹏飞所作的《圣墩祖庙重建顺济庙记》记述,林氏是生长于莆田湄洲岛的巫师,能预料福祸,在人死之后为本地人誉为神明。

尽管在宋朝林氏的名字与功绩也没有明确的记述。可是大家大概能够推论她很可能是由于熟识气候水文,以巫女的身份为当地群众出海打渔做生意出示许多 意见与建议,因而为当地群众所拥戴,最后在人死之后被神格化。

与妈祖相近的,也有[章]源于福建古田,相传[来]可以呼风唤雨,降妖[自]伏魔的临水夫人。

据《十国春秋》记述[历],临水夫人拜道士陈[史]守元为师,能与鬼物[大]沟通交流,迫使五丁[全],鞭挞百魅,那时候[网]有白蛇为祸一方,临[文]水夫人便带领徒弟作[章]丹书符,祛除白蛇保[来]了一方平安。由此可[自]见这一时期被神格化[历]的人,或多或少都是[史]有一些巫术色彩。

实际上,女巫或巫女被神格化,在是人类发展史上普遍现象过的一种状况。例如英国专家学者托马斯卡莱尔,便觉得北欧神话中的诸神鼻祖奥丁的原形,实际上便是一位女巫。也有神话时代的活化石日本天皇,也是被神格化的巫王。

尽管华夏文明的知识[大]精英,自夏商周时期[全]至今,便进行了一场[网]迄今也未停歇的反巫[文]术战事,可是巫的传[章]统依然坚韧的存活了[来]下来。

特别在福建省莆田市[自]那样的南边边境的地[历]方,巫术乃至经常处[史]在一种较为强悍的地[大]位。因此才会出现林[全]氏巫女及临水夫人被[网]神格化的状况产生。[文]

但不管妈祖娘娘還是[章]临水夫人,在被神格[来]化之初,也只不过是[自]一个偏僻小地的守护[历]者,但为什么今天却[史]会变成一个遍及全世[大]界各地的信仰呢?

这说起到自宋元至今,福建的汉族人商帮了。

她们在那时早已开始[全]积极主动的在东亚欧[网]水域进行跨洋貿易活[文]动,在浩瀚无垠的大[章]海以上,出航数天也[来]将会看不到一片帆影[自]是家常饭的事儿。

在这类状况下,人便[历]会造成一种无法抑制[史]的孤独感,并且航海[大]活动的可变性,也是[全]使航海者的命运惊险[网]十分。

忽然而成的一阵烈风[文]或者大海,都将会使[章]船舶偏移明确前进方[来]向,乃至酿出船毁人[自]亡的惨祸。

在这类状况下,唯一可以为航行者出示心理状态适用的,仅有超自然现象的神邸所出示的各种各样庇佑。因此原本做为当地地区神明而被信仰的妈祖娘娘和临水夫人,正好又被航行者所熟识,也就顺理成章的变成了航行者们的守护者了。

再加她们的后代也是最早的往东南亚地区乃至更长远的地区转移的人,因此妈祖娘娘和临水夫人就变成世界华人的信仰,这期内还汇集着一种对故乡的眷念,对中华民族的凝聚力!

总而言之由海神信仰[历]体现了的古代中国海[史]洋观念在实际和虚幻[大]二种轨道上向前,而[全]且伴随着涉海生活的[网]深层次在历史时期内[文]愈来愈趋于实际,人[章]海关系人士的能量持[来]续提升,并造就出了[自]与西方内涵不一样,[历]却一样渊源流长的海[史]洋文明。


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